Emergence of Drug‐Resistant HIV‐1 after Intrapartum Administration of Single‐Dose Nevirapine Is Substantially Underestimated

Emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 after intrapartum administration of single-dose nevirapine is substantially underestimated.

Conventional sequence analysis detects human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 drug resistance mutations in approximately 40% of women shortly after they receive intrapartum single-dose nevirapine (SD-NVP). Using sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for the K103N and Y181C resistance mutations, we tested genotyped virus before and after SD-NVP in 50 South African women infected wit...

Greater suppression of nevirapine resistance with 21- vs 7-day antiretroviral regimens after intrapartum single-dose nevirapine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

BACKGROUND Nevirapine (NVP) resistance emerges in up to 70% of women exposed to single-dose (sd) NVP for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS HIV-infected pregnant women were randomized to receive sdNVP and either zidovudine/lamivudine (3TC), tenofovir/emtricitabine (FTC), or lopinavir/ritonavir for either 7 or 21 days. The primary endpoint...

Efficacy and safety of 1-month postpartum zidovudine-didanosine to prevent HIV-resistance mutations after intrapartum single-dose nevirapine.

BACKGROUND Intrapartum single-dose nevirapine plus third trimester maternal and infant zidovudine are essential components of programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in resource-limited settings. The persistence of nevirapine in the plasma for 3 weeks postpartum risks selection of resistance mutations to nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibito...

The Importance of Education for Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa is Substantially Underestimated When Community Effects are Ignored

The Size of the LGBT Population and the Magnitude of Antigay Sentiment Are Substantially Underestimated

We demonstrate widely-used measures of anti-gay sentiment and the size of the LGBT population are misestimated, likely substantially. In a series of online experiments using a large and diverse but nonrepresentative sample, we compare estimates from the standard methodology of asking sensitive questions to measures from a “veiled” methodology that precludes inference about an individual but pro...